怀山药的化学成分研究

目的：研究怀山药Dioscorea opposita Thunb.的化学成分。方法：利用Diaion HP-20、Toyopearl HW-40、Sephadex LH-20、MCI Gel CHP-20、硅胶柱等柱色谱技术及制备液相色谱、薄层色谱、重结晶等方法,对怀山药化学成分进行分离、纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱学数据鉴定其结构。结果：从怀山药中分离得到14个化合物,分别是：L-色氨酸（1）,Seguinosides F（2）,1-methoxycarbonyl-β -carboline（3）,Helichrysin A（4）,Bungein A（5）,对苯二酚（6）,Zarzissine（7）,Cyclo-（Pro-Thr）（8）,香草醇（9）,烟酰胺（10）,熊果苷（11）,丁香酸甲酯-4-O-β -D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（12）,苯丙氨酸（13）,1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,1,2-bis[2-（2-hydroxyethoxy）ethyl] ester（14）。结论：化合物1-14均为首次从怀山药中分离得到。     

安宫牛黄丸HPLC指纹图谱及化学模式识别分析

目的:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)建立安宫牛黄丸的指纹图谱,结合化学模式识别对其质量进行评价。方法:采用HPLC,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长230 nm,对10批安宫牛黄丸样品进行指纹图谱研究,通过相似度分析并结合主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)对安宫牛黄丸的质量进行评价。结果:10批样品相似度均0.9,标定了25个色谱峰为共有峰,通过对照品比较指认了其中10个色谱峰。通过PCA发现不同年份样品存在微小差异,进一步采用OPLS-DA发现了影响不同年份样品产生差异的14种成分,包括盐酸巴马汀、黄芩素、表小檗碱、栀子苷、盐酸小檗碱、黄连碱、汉黄芩素等。结论:建立的分析方法简便、准确、可靠,指纹图谱结合化学模式识别分析可更好地评价安宫牛黄丸的质量,为该制剂的质量控制提供科学依据。     

绒毛栗色鼠尾草的化学成分分析

目的:研究绒毛栗色鼠尾草(Salvia castanea)根的化学成分。方法:采用硅胶柱色谱,HPLC柱色谱等方法对绒毛栗色鼠尾草70%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部位进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果:从绒毛栗色鼠尾草中分离出12个化合物,分别鉴定为正二十六烷(1),β-谷甾醇(2),3-O-乙酰基齐墩果醛(3),齐墩果酸(4),5,5'-二丁氧基-2,2'-双环呋喃(5),丁草胺(6),亚麻酸乙酯(7),咖啡酸乙酯(8),香草酸(9),原儿茶酸(10),原儿茶醛(11),5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛(12)。结论:化合物3,5,6为首次从鼠尾草属植物中分离得到,化合物1,4,7~10和12为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

坤泰胶囊化学成分的LC-ESI-MS/MS分析

目的:建立坤泰胶囊中化学成分的高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)并对其化学成分进行初步鉴定。方法:采用LC-ESI-MS/MS对坤泰胶囊进行成分分析与鉴定,选用C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃。质谱使用电喷雾(ESI)离子源,正离子模式采集数据。质量扫描范围为m/z 50~1 500。对各色谱峰质谱图进行分析,根据准分子离子峰判断相对分子质量,进一步根据各主要碎片离子、紫外光谱、保留时间等信息,与文献数据进行比较推测化合物的结构。结果:从坤泰胶囊中鉴定了21个化合物,主要为黄酮类化合物和生物碱类化合物,并对化合物的药材来源进行了归属。其中,主要有来自黄芩的黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素等,来自黄连的巴马汀、小檗碱、黄连碱、药根碱、非洲防己碱、木兰花碱等,来自白芍的芍药苷等。结论:采用LC-ESIMS/MS能够对坤泰胶囊中主要成分进行快速分析与鉴定,为坤泰胶囊进一步开展指纹图谱、质量控制、药物代谢研究和谱效关系研究奠定了基础。     

Patients’ and parents’ views about lower limb orthopaedic surgery for ambulant children and young people with cerebral palsy: a qualitative evidence synthesis

PurposeThe article identifies the aspects of health and outcomes that are considered important from the perspective of ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their parents regarding lower limb orthopaedic surgery and explores how they experience surgical interventions.MethodsFour databases (Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL and PsycINFO) were searched from inception to 11 April 2020. Studies were included if they: 1) they involved children or young adults diagnosed with ambulant CP or their family, 2) participants had experience with lower limb orthopaedic surgery and 3) studies employed qualitative research methods. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme was used to appraise identified studies. The ‘Best-fit framework’ synthesis approach was used by applying the International Classification of Functioning-Children and Youth (ICF–CY) linking rules and thematic synthesis. The review process was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsSix studies were included. Four themes were generated which were linked to the ICF–CY framework: Body function and structure, Activity and participation, Environmental factors, Personal factors, as well as non-ICF–CY themes including Emotional well-being and Goal setting. Important surgical outcomes identified were pain, fatigue, movement-related function, mobility, walking ability, community life, emotional well-being, and adequate provision of public and health services.ConclusionThese findings are important for understanding patient-centred outcomes in lower limb ortho-paedics surgery and providing focus for future interventional studies aimed at improving outcomes of importance to children with CP. These findings highlight the importance of long-term support to help people negotiate the challenge of surgical regimes and to achieve good outcomes after orthopaedic surgery. The outcomes identified will contribute to the development of a core outcome set in this field.Level of evidenceIII     

Network meta-analysis in health psychology and behavioural medicine: a primer

Progress in the science and practice of health psychology depends on the systematic synthesis of quantitative psychological evidence. Meta-analyses of experimental studies have led to important advances in understanding health-related behaviour change interventions. Fundamental questions regarding such interventions have been systematically investigated through synthesising relevant experimental evidence using standard pairwise meta-analytic procedures that provide reliable estimates of the magnitude, homogeneity and potential biases in effects observed. However, these syntheses only provide information about whether particular types of interventions work better than a control condition or specific alternative approaches. To increase the impact of health psychology on health-related policy-making, evidence regarding the comparative efficacy of all relevant intervention approaches – which may include biomedical approaches – is necessary. With the development of network meta-analysis (NMA), such evidence can be synthesised, even when direct head-to-head trials do not exist. However, care must be taken in its application to ensure reliable estimates of the effect sizes between interventions are revealed. This review paper describes the potential importance of NMA to health psychology, how the technique works and important considerations for its appropriate application within health psychology.     

On the intrinsic constraint of bacterial growth rate: M. tuberculosis’s view of the protein translation capacity

In nature, the maximal growth rates vary widely among different bacteria species. Fast-growing bacteria species such as Escherichia coli can have a shortest generation time of 20?min. Slow-growing bacteria species are perhaps best known for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a human pathogen with a generation time being no less than 16?h. Despite of the significant progress made on understanding the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, we know little on the origin of its intriguingly slow growth. From a global view, the intrinsic constraint of the maximal growth rate of bacteria remains to be a fundamental question in microbiology. In this review, we analyze and discuss this issue from the angle of protein translation capacity, which is the major demand for cell growth. Based on quantitative analysis, we propose four parameters: rRNA chain elongation rate, abundance of RNA polymerase engaged in rRNA synthesis, polypeptide chain elongation rate, and active ribosome fraction, which potentially limit the maximal growth rate of bacteria. We further discuss the relation of these parameters with the growth rate for M. tuberculosis as well as other bacterial species. We highlight future comprehensive investigation of these parameters for different bacteria species to understand how bacteria set their own specific growth rates.